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原因调节与反应调节的情绪变化过程

学生大心理站 2006-11-28 责任编辑: 心理学会

【作者简介】黄敏儿 中山大学教育学院心理学系,广州 510275 首都师范大学教育科学学院心理学系,北京 100089 郭德俊 首都师范大学教育科学学院心理学系,北京 100089
【内容提要】采用生理心理实验法研究忽视、抑制、重视、宣泄等方式调节负情绪的情绪变化过程,发现忽视有效减弱了主观感受和表情行为,并引起R-R间期更大的增加;抑制不能减弱主观感受,并引起手指脉搏血容振幅更大的增幅;重视增强了主观感受;宣泄增强了主观感受,并相对地减弱了生理激活水平。研究表明原因调节可以更有效地调整负情绪主观感受,反应调节使负情绪成分变化出现“水压模型”式循环动力特点;情绪调节过程实现着情绪在心理适应中的促进(或阻碍)作用。
【英文摘要】The purpose of this study was to examine the emotional processes of four basic styles of emotion regulation,which were reappraisal,expressive suppression,rumination,and expressive revealing.One hundred and eighty-six female participants were shown a disgusting film during which their subjective experiences,expressive behaviors,and physiologicalresponses were recorded.Before they watched the film,the participants were told to either(a) think about the film insuch a way that they would feel nothing (reappraisal,a form ofantecedent-focused emotion regulation);(b)behave in such a waythat someone watching them would not know what they were feeling (suppression,a form of response-focused emotion regulation);(c)imagine that what happened in the film were actually happening to themselves(rumination,another form ofantecedent-focused emotion regulation);(d)behave in such a waythat they expressed their experiences as much as or even more exaggerated than they would feel(revealing,another form of response-focused emotion regulation).Compared with the controlcondition,reappraisal was effective in reducing emotion-expressive behavior,negative emotional experience,and increasing parasympathetic activation(more enhanced in inter-beat interval);suppression was effective in decreasing emotion-expressive behavior and increasing sympathetic activation(more increased in finger pulse amplitude),but was not effective in changing subjective experiences;rumination was effective in increasing subjective experiences;and revealingresulted in increasing subjective feeling,decreasing physiological activation,while increasing emotion-expressivebehavior.In summary,antecedent-focused emotion regulation wasmore effective in the changing negative subjective experiencesby modulating cognitive appraisal,and response-focused emotionregulation would lead to a dynamic system like a "hydraulic model"because of regulation of expression.Every process of regulation would facilitate or handicap adaptive functioningof emotions via divergent processes of subjective experience,emotion-expressive behavior and physiology.
【关 键 词】原因调节/反应调节/情绪调节基本过程antecedent-focused regulation,response-focused regulation,basic process of emotion regulation.
【正 文】

  1 前言
情绪是个体适应生活环境中重要机遇、事件、挑战的生物反应倾向,情绪反应包括主观感受、表情行为、生理反应等三个主要成分[1~3]。情绪调节是个体管理和改变自己(或他人)情绪的过程,在这个过程中,通过一定的调节方式(策略)和机制,使情绪在生理反应、主观体验、表情行为等方面发生一定的变化[4]。
情绪调节研究开始于20世纪80年代初期。由于缺乏好的实证(实验)研究的理论模型,该领域研究一直比较薄弱。Gross[3,5]提出“情绪调节的同感过程模型”(Consensual process model of emotion regulation)使该领域研究有了很大的进步。在这个模型中,情绪调节发生于情绪过程(包括情绪产生过程、情绪反应倾向的展现过程)中的任何点上。基本的情绪调节类型可划分为原因调节和反应调节两类。原因调节直接调整产生情绪的评价过程,如减弱评价(忽视)。反应调节直接调整已经激活的情绪倾向展现过程,如抑制表情。Gross[3]的研究发现,尽管表情抑制在社会互动中可以有效地掩盖表情,但不能减弱负情绪感受,而且引起更大的生理激活。经常抑制情绪可能引起和加重疾病,不利于身体健康。评价忽视在认识上回避了可能引起情绪的问题情境,可以有效地减弱负情绪的表情和主观感受,并不引起生理唤醒的上升。评价忽视调节过程和表情抑制调节过程反映了原因调节与反应调节对情绪成分的调节机制。尽管Gross在“情绪调节同感过程模型”框架下检验了两种基本的减弱型原因-反应调节(评价忽视和表情抑制),可是,至今还没有研究者对基本的增强型原因-反应调节(评价重视和表情宣泄)进行系统的实验研究。而且,国内在情绪调节基本过程领域的研究至今仍然是空白。

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