父母－青少年亲子沟通的研究
学生大心理站
2006-12-14
责任编辑: 心理学会
对沟通问题的研究应在已有研究的基础上，提出更多的、新的角度。如“分歧、误解、盘问”等是一类沟通方式问题，但“缺乏耐心、拘束的、主观的、心不在焉的”等又是针对沟通过程本身的另一个角度上的沟通问题；在亲子沟通的发起人方面，是否特定的沟通问题是与特定的发起人相联系的；在沟通问题的解决方面，父母和青少年在遇到沟通问题时分别有怎样的反应，这些反应是否与青少年的某一方面的心理发展状况相联系？对于亲子沟通问题的研究还有其他的角度和分类，找出父母－青少年亲子沟通中存在较多的比较典型的问题，进一步划分出不同沟通问题类型的家庭，并考察这些沟通问题对青少年心理和行为发展的影响是我们今后要着重探讨的问题。
第四，有关亲子沟通的研究方法。研究方法在一定程度上决定着该课题研究的水平和研究的新进展，迄今为止，有关亲子沟通的研究大部分为自我报告的问卷调查，也有少部分的访谈以及观察和录音、录像等方法。对于研究方法的选择在很大程度上是由研究的目的决定的。问卷和访谈能够反映出亲子之间对某些特定话题的讨论程度，并且能够发现亲子之间沟通的一般的特点。而如果研究者想了解的是亲子之间的沟通过程，如考察亲子之间如何做决定，以及问题解决的情况，那么就需要对整个的沟通过程进行现场观察或录音、录像。Rathunde[28]在1997年的研究中，在对沟通的话题进行了标准化并对沟通情境进行控制的情况下，对父母与青少年之间的沟通都录下来，然后进行编码（包括沟通双方的主观编码和观察者的客观编码），通过研究方法上的改进来提高研究的水平。
【参考文献】
[1] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R.Individuation in family relationships:A perspective on individual differences in the development of identity and role-taking skill in adolescence.Human Development,1986,29:82～100
[2] Barnes H L,Olson D H.Parent-Adolescent Communication and the Circumplex Model.Child Development,1985,56:438～447
[3] Youniss J,Smollar J.Adolescents Relations with Mothers,Fathers,and Friends.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1985
[4] Noller P,Callan V J.Adolescents’ perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,1990,19:349～363
[5] Tesser A,Forehand R,Long N.Conflict:The role of calm and angry parent-child discussion in adolescent development.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,1989,8:317～330
[6] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R.The role of family communication patterns in adolescent identity and role taking.Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development,Detroit,1983
[7] Vangelisti A L.Older Adolescents’ Perceptions of Communication Problems With Their Parents.Journal of Adolescent Research,1992:382～402
[8] Noller P,Bagi S.Parent-Adolescent Communication.Journal of Adolescence,1985,8:125～144
[9] Shek D T.Differences between fathers and mothers in the treatment of,and relationship with their teenage children:Perceptions of Chinese adolescents.Adolescence,2000,35(137):135～146
[10] Noller P,Callan V J.The adolescent in the family.London:Routlege,1991
[11] Clark R D,Shields G.Family communication and delinquency.Adolescence,1997,32(125):81～92
[12] Masslam V J.Adolescents’perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,1990,19(4):349～362
[13] Jackson S,Ostra L,Bosma H.Adolescents’ perceptions of communication with parents relative to specific aspects of relationships with parents and personal development.Journal of Adolescence,1998,21:305～323
[14] Collins W E,Newman B M,McKenry E C.Intrapsychic and interpersonal factors related to adolescent psychological well being in stepmother and stepfather families.Journal of Family Psychology,1995,9:433～455
[15] 方晓义，董奇.初中一、二年级学生的亲子冲突.心理科学，1998,21(2):122～125
[16] Rueter M,Conger R D.Antecedents of Parent-Adolescent Disagreements.Journal of Marriage & the Family,1995,57:435～449
[17] 雷雳，王争艳，刘红云等.初中生的亲子沟通及其与家庭环境系统和社会适应关系的研究.应用心理学 2002,8(1):14～20
[18] 王争艳，刘红云，雷雳等.家庭亲子沟通与儿童发展关系.心理科学进展，2002,10(2):192～198
[19] 方晓义等.家庭诸因素与初中生吸烟行为.心理学报，2001,33(3):244～250
[20] 辛自强等.小学学习不良儿童家庭功能研究.心理发展与教育，1999,15(1):22～26
[21] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R.Patterns of Interaction in Family Relationships and the Development of Identity Exploration in Adolescence.Child Development,1985,56:415～428
[22] Brage D,Meredith W.A causal model of adolescent depression.Journal of Psychology,1994,128:455～468
[23] Demo D H,Small S A,Savin-Williams R C.Family relations and the self-esteem of adolescents and their parents.Journal of Marriage and Family,1987,49:705～715
[24] Enger J M,Howerton D L,Cobbs C R.Internal/external locus of control,self-esteem,and parental verbal interaction of at-risk black male adolescents.Journal of Social Psychology,1993,134:269～274
[25] Hanson S M.Healthy single parent families.Journal of Applied Family and Child Study,1986,35:125～132
[26] Hartos J L,Power T G.Relations Among Single Mothers’ Awareness of Their Adolescents’ Stressors,Maternal Monitoring,Mother-Adolescent Communication,and Adolescent Adjustment.2000,15(5):546～560
[27] Mahwah N J,Erlbaum L.Parents,Children and communication:frontiers of theory and research,1995
[28] Kevin R.Parent-Adolescent Interactions and Optimal Experience.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,1997,26:669～689
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第四，有关亲子沟通的研究方法。研究方法在一定程度上决定着该课题研究的水平和研究的新进展，迄今为止，有关亲子沟通的研究大部分为自我报告的问卷调查，也有少部分的访谈以及观察和录音、录像等方法。对于研究方法的选择在很大程度上是由研究的目的决定的。问卷和访谈能够反映出亲子之间对某些特定话题的讨论程度，并且能够发现亲子之间沟通的一般的特点。而如果研究者想了解的是亲子之间的沟通过程，如考察亲子之间如何做决定，以及问题解决的情况，那么就需要对整个的沟通过程进行现场观察或录音、录像。Rathunde[28]在1997年的研究中，在对沟通的话题进行了标准化并对沟通情境进行控制的情况下，对父母与青少年之间的沟通都录下来，然后进行编码（包括沟通双方的主观编码和观察者的客观编码），通过研究方法上的改进来提高研究的水平。
【参考文献】
[1] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R.Individuation in family relationships:A perspective on individual differences in the development of identity and role-taking skill in adolescence.Human Development,1986,29:82～100
[2] Barnes H L,Olson D H.Parent-Adolescent Communication and the Circumplex Model.Child Development,1985,56:438～447
[3] Youniss J,Smollar J.Adolescents Relations with Mothers,Fathers,and Friends.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1985
[4] Noller P,Callan V J.Adolescents’ perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,1990,19:349～363
[5] Tesser A,Forehand R,Long N.Conflict:The role of calm and angry parent-child discussion in adolescent development.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,1989,8:317～330
[6] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R.The role of family communication patterns in adolescent identity and role taking.Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development,Detroit,1983
[7] Vangelisti A L.Older Adolescents’ Perceptions of Communication Problems With Their Parents.Journal of Adolescent Research,1992:382～402
[8] Noller P,Bagi S.Parent-Adolescent Communication.Journal of Adolescence,1985,8:125～144
[9] Shek D T.Differences between fathers and mothers in the treatment of,and relationship with their teenage children:Perceptions of Chinese adolescents.Adolescence,2000,35(137):135～146
[10] Noller P,Callan V J.The adolescent in the family.London:Routlege,1991
[11] Clark R D,Shields G.Family communication and delinquency.Adolescence,1997,32(125):81～92
[12] Masslam V J.Adolescents’perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,1990,19(4):349～362
[13] Jackson S,Ostra L,Bosma H.Adolescents’ perceptions of communication with parents relative to specific aspects of relationships with parents and personal development.Journal of Adolescence,1998,21:305～323
[14] Collins W E,Newman B M,McKenry E C.Intrapsychic and interpersonal factors related to adolescent psychological well being in stepmother and stepfather families.Journal of Family Psychology,1995,9:433～455
[15] 方晓义，董奇.初中一、二年级学生的亲子冲突.心理科学，1998,21(2):122～125
[16] Rueter M,Conger R D.Antecedents of Parent-Adolescent Disagreements.Journal of Marriage & the Family,1995,57:435～449
[17] 雷雳，王争艳，刘红云等.初中生的亲子沟通及其与家庭环境系统和社会适应关系的研究.应用心理学 2002,8(1):14～20
[18] 王争艳，刘红云，雷雳等.家庭亲子沟通与儿童发展关系.心理科学进展，2002,10(2):192～198
[19] 方晓义等.家庭诸因素与初中生吸烟行为.心理学报，2001,33(3):244～250
[20] 辛自强等.小学学习不良儿童家庭功能研究.心理发展与教育，1999,15(1):22～26
[21] Grotevant H D,Cooper C R.Patterns of Interaction in Family Relationships and the Development of Identity Exploration in Adolescence.Child Development,1985,56:415～428
[22] Brage D,Meredith W.A causal model of adolescent depression.Journal of Psychology,1994,128:455～468
[23] Demo D H,Small S A,Savin-Williams R C.Family relations and the self-esteem of adolescents and their parents.Journal of Marriage and Family,1987,49:705～715
[24] Enger J M,Howerton D L,Cobbs C R.Internal/external locus of control,self-esteem,and parental verbal interaction of at-risk black male adolescents.Journal of Social Psychology,1993,134:269～274
[25] Hanson S M.Healthy single parent families.Journal of Applied Family and Child Study,1986,35:125～132
[26] Hartos J L,Power T G.Relations Among Single Mothers’ Awareness of Their Adolescents’ Stressors,Maternal Monitoring,Mother-Adolescent Communication,and Adolescent Adjustment.2000,15(5):546～560
[27] Mahwah N J,Erlbaum L.Parents,Children and communication:frontiers of theory and research,1995
[28] Kevin R.Parent-Adolescent Interactions and Optimal Experience.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,1997,26:669～689
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